Probiotics and Their Therapeutic Application in Kidney Stone Disease: An Overview of Cellular, Animal, and Human Models
Resumo
Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in sufficient quantities, confer health benefits to the host. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the therapeutic use of probiotics for various conditions, including kidney stone disease. The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of probiotics in the treatment of kidney stones, through an examination of cellular, animal, and human models. This review involved a systematic search of peer-reviewed articles from reputable databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, up to the year 2025. Selected studies were analyzed based on their investigation of the effects of probiotics on kidney stone formation. The findings indicate that various probiotic strains can reduce urinary oxalate levels, calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals, and intestinal inflammation. Probiotics such as Lactobacillus paracasei GR-10 and Pediococcus acidilactici GR-11 significantly enhance oxalate degradation, while Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium species improve gut microbiota composition and help prevent kidney stone formation. Additionally, studies have shown that probiotics can lower serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels, suggesting their protective effects on kidney function. Other studies, including those involving fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), have confirmed the beneficial effects of probiotics in preventing calcium oxalate stones and kidney damage. The results of this review suggest that probiotics, particularly strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, may be effective in the prevention and treatment of kidney stones. These microorganisms offer protective effects on the kidneys by reducing urinary oxalate levels, CaOx crystal formation, and intestinal inflammation. Further research is needed to explore the full potential of probiotics in the management of kidney stone disease.
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