Herbal Treatments for Dental Cysts: Insights from Traditional Iranian Medicine and Evidence from Animal and Clinical Models. A Review

Resumo

Dental cysts are epithelial lesions filled with fluid that form around the roots of teeth, often leading to inflammation and infection of surrounding tissues. Considering the limitations and side effects associated with conventional chemical therapies, the use of native Iranian medicinal plants as a complementary approach to manage inflammation and infection in these cysts has garnered increasing attention. The aim of this review is to identify and compile native Iranian medicinal plants that may help prevent and alleviate the symptoms of dental cysts. This descriptive-systematic review examined traditional medicine sources alongside international scientific databases to identify medicinal plants effective against dental cysts. Data collected included pharmacological effects, active compounds, and potential mechanisms of action, which were summarized in tables to provide a comprehensive reference for future research and clinical applications. The findings revealed a diverse array of native Iranian medicinal plants used for the prevention and symptomatic relief of dental cysts, including Curcuma longa L., Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel, Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, Allium sativum L., Thymus vulgaris L., Malus domestica Borkh., Apium graveolens L., Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck, Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Matricaria chamomilla L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Origanum vulgare L., Cocos nucifera L., Rosa damascena Mill., Valeriana officinalis L., Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Iris germanica L., Mentha piperita L., Salvia officinalis L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Viola odorata L., Boswellia sacra Flueck., Nigella sativa L., Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton, Cinnamomum verum J. Presl, Salix alba L. Leaves were the most commonly used plant part, followed by flowers, stems, and fruits, while seeds, roots, and rhizomes were less frequently applied. Plant families with the highest representation included Lamiaceae, Zingiberaceae, and Myrtaceae, with herbs and woody plants being the predominant growth forms. Most species thrived in garden and agricultural habitats. Native Iranian medicinal plants possess anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and tissue-regenerative properties and can serve as complementary interventions to reduce inflammation and control infection in dental cysts. Nevertheless, conventional medical and dental treatments remain essential for complete cyst resolution and prevention of complications. This review provides a scientific foundation for future studies and the development of integrative therapeutic approaches.