Possibilidades da exploração comercial de peixes reofílicos em cativeiro: Uma Revisão

Raimundo Bezerra da Costa, Ronaldo de Oliveira Sales, Rodrigo Maggioni, Dea Lima Vidal, José Oriani Farias

Resumo


A maioria das espécies de peixes criadaem cativeiro apresenta alguma forma de disfunção reprodutiva. Nas fêmeas podem aparecer falhas de maturação final dos óvulos, da ovulação e da desova; enquanto nos machos ocorre uma diminuição na produção do sêmen e na sua qualidade. Essas disfunções surgem em função da modificação das condições naturais de reprodução dos peixes em cativeiro, oriundas da falta dos estímulos externos necessários à indução da pituitária para liberação de gonadotrofinas. Na superação desses distúrbios são utilizados os hormônios da reprodução há mais de cinquenta anos, inicialmente como extratos hipofisários, para estimular os processos reprodutivos da espermiogênese, indução da ovulação e desova. Mais recentemente os hormônios derivados de peixes e de mamíferos, como as da carpa, salmão e coriônica humana, e o emprego de novos métodos, com os fatores liberadores de gonadotrofinas (GnRH), que induzem a liberação da própria gonadotrofina da pituitária diminuindo as falhas observas nas criações em cativeiro. O desenvolvimento de agonistas sintéticos de GnRH (GnRHa), altamente potentes, constituem as novas gerações das terapias de manipulação hormonal, criando novas possibilidades com o uso de hormônios para o controle dos processos reprodutivos na aquicultura. Os produtos desenvolvidos mais recentemente incorporam o GnRHa em sistema polimérico de liberação longa, com os efeitos do hormônio se estendendo por períodos amplos que duram dias e até semanas. Esses sistemas eliminam a necessidade de múltiplos tratamentos, além de induzirem o desenvolvimento das células germinativas e a sincronização de desovas múltiplas. As diferentes formas de GnRH encontradas recentemente e seu melhor conhecimento certamente serão amplamente utilizados na terapia da desova. Novas estratégias devem ser desenvolvidas para possibilitar uma melhorar obtenção da desova, possivelmente com pesquisas que venham corrigir os níveis de GnRH circulante.

Palavras-chave


hormônios da reprodução; gonadotrofinas; extrato hipofisário; fatores liberadores

Referências


ABRAHAM, M. Recent trends in research on induced spawning of fish in aquaculture. J. Appl. Ichtyol., 4: 49-64, 1988.

ALMENDRAS, J.M.; DUENAS, C.; NACARIO, J.; SHERWOOD, N.M.; CRIM, L.W. Sustained hormone release. III. Use of gonadotropin releasing hormone analogues to induce multiple spawnings in sea bass, Latescalcarifer. Aquaculture, 74: 97–111, 1988.

AMOSS, M.; BURGUS, R.; BLACKWELL, R.; VALE, W.; FELLOWS, R.; GUILLEMIN, R. Purification, amino acid composition and N-terminus of the hypothalamic luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF) of ovine origin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 44: 205–210, 1971.

ANDRADE-TALMELLI, E.F; NARAHARA, M.Y.; ROMAGOSA, E. et al. Fases de degeneração ovocitária em Curimbatá, Prochilodusscrofa (STEINDACHNER, 1881), mantido em confinamento. Revista Unimar, 16:83-96, 1994.

ANDRADE-TALMELLI, E.F.; KAVAMOTO, E.T.; NARAHARA, M.Y. et al. Reprodução induzida da piabanha, Bryconinsignis, (Steindachner, 1876) (Characiformes, Bryconinae), mantida em confinamento. Rev. Bras. Zootec., 31:803- 811, 2002.

BERLINSKY, D.L.; WILLIAM, K.; HODSON, R.G.; SULLIVAN, C.V. Hormone induced spawning of summer flounder Paralichthysdentatus. J. World Aquat. Soc. 28: 79–86, 1997.

BILLARD, R.; REINAUD, P.; HOLLEBECQ, M.G.; BRETON, B. Advancement and synchronisation of spawning in Salmogairdneriand S. truttafollowing administration of LHR-H combined or not with pimozide. Aquaculture, 43: 57-66, 1984.

BROMAGE, N.R.; ELLIOT, J.A.K.; SPRINGATE, J.R.C.; WHITEHEAD, C. The effects of constant photoperiods on the timing of spawning in the rainbow trout. Aquaculture, 43, 213–223, 1984.

BROMAGE, N.; JONES, J.; RANDALL, C.; THRUSH, M.; SPRINGATE, J.; DUSTON, J.; BARKER, G. Broodstock management, fecundity, egg quality and the timing of egg production in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss). Aquaculture 100, 141–166, 1992.

BRZUSKA, E. Artificial spawning of European catfish Silurusglanis L.: differences between propagation results after stimulation of ovulation with carp pituitary and Ovopel. Aquaculture Int., 32: 11–19, 2001.

BUCHET, V.; COQUARD, E.; SÉVÈRE, A.; BARONE, H. Influence of tank volume on vitellogenesis and spawning performances in sea bass Dicentrarchuslabrax L. Aquat. Res. 39, 420–426, 2008.

CAMPBELL, P.; POTTINGER, T.; SUMPTER, J. Preliminary evidence that chronic confinement stress reduces the quality of gametes produced by brown and rainbow trout. Aquaculture 120: 151–169, 1994.

CHEN, Y.F. Induced ovulation and embryonic development of ocellated puffer, Takifuguocellatus. J. Appl. Ichthyol., 21: 136–140, 2005.

DABROWSKI, K.; CIERESZKO, A.; RAMSEYER, L.; CULVER, D.; KESTEMONT, P. Effects of hormonal treatment on induced spermiation and ovulation in the yellow perch (Percaflavescens). Aquaculture 120:171–180, 1994.

DEROUX, N.; GENIN, E.; CAREL, J-C.; MATSUDA, F.; CHAUSSAIN, J-L.; MILGROM, E. Hypogonadotropichypogonadism due to loss of function of the KiSS1-derived peptide receptor GPR54. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,100: 10972–10976, 2003.

DONALDSON, E.M. Reproductive endocrinology of fishes. Am. Zool. 13: 909–927, 1973.

DUFOUR, S., SEBERT, M.E., WELTZIEN, F.A., ROUSSEAU, K.,PASQUALINI, C. Neuroendocrine control by dopamine of teleost reproduction. J Fish Biol 76, 129-160, 2010.

DUSTON, J., BROMAGE, N. Photoperiodic mechanisms and rhythms of reproduction in the female rainbow trout. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 2: 35–51, 1986.

EL NAGGAR, G.O.; JOHN, G., REZK, M.A.; ELWAN, W.; YEHIA, M. Effect of varying density and water level on the spawning response of African catfish Clariasgariepinus: implications for seed production. Aquaculture 261: 904–907, 2006.

FELIP, A.; ZANUY, S.; Pineda, R.; PINILLA, L.; CARRILLO, M.M.; TENA-SEMPERE, M.; GÓMEZ, A. Evidence for two distinct KiSSgenes in non-placental vertebrates that encode kisspeptins with different gonadotropin-releasing activities in fish and mammals. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 312: 61–71, 2009.

GILLET, C.; BRETON, B.; MIKOLAJCZYK, T. Effects of GnRHa and pimozide treatments on the timing of ovulation and on egg quality in Arctic charr (Salvelinusalpinus) at 5 and 10°C. Aquat.Living Resour.9, 257–263, 1996.

GURAYA, S.S.; KAUR, S.; SAXENA, P.K. Morphology of ovarian changes during reproductive cycle of the fishes, Mystuslengara (Ham). Acta. Anat., 91:222–260, 1975.

HASSIN, S.; DE MONBRISON, D.; HANIN, Y.; ELIZUR, A.; ZOHAR, Y.; POPPER, D.M. Domestication of the white grouper, Epinephelusaeneus: 1. Growth and reproduction. Aquaculture 156, 309–320, 1997.

ITANI, A.L.; de ARAUJO, M.L.; SANTOS, A.J.G. Reprodução induzida da curimatã (Prochilodussp) utilizando dois tipos de liberadores da gonadotrofina. X Jornada de Ensino e Extensão – JEPEX – UFPE: Recife, 18 a 22 de outubro, 2010.

KAGAWA, H.; TANAKA, H.; OHTA, H.; UNUMA, T.; NOMURA, K. The first success of glass eel production in the world: basic biology on fish reproduction advances new applied technology in aquaculture. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 31, 193–199, 2005.

KANDA, S.; AKAZOME, Y.; MATSUNAGA, T.; YAMAMOTO, N.; YAMADA, S.; TSUKAMURA, H.; MAEDA, K.; OKA, Y. Identification of KiSS-1 product kisspeptin and steroidsensitive sexually dimorphic kisspeptin neurons in medaka (Oryziaslatipes). Endocrinology 149, 2467–2476, 2008.

KEBABIAN, J.W.; CALNE, D.B. Multiple receptors for dopamine. Nature, 277: 93-96, 1979.

KIM, D-J.; SUZUKI, Y.; AIDA, K. The Control Mechanism of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone and Dopamine on Gonadotropin Release from Cultured Pituitary Cells of Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchusmykissat Different Reproductive Stages. Fish Aquat Sci, 14: 379-388, 2011.

KITAHASHI, T.; OGAWA, S.; PARHAR, I.S. Cloning and expression of kiss2 in the zebrafish and medaka. Endocrinology 150, 821–831, 2009.

KUMAKURA, N.; SAKAI, K.; TAKASHIMA, F. Reproductive cycle and human chorionic gonadotropin-induced ovulation in hatchery reared Japanese catfish Silurusasotus. Fish. Sci., 69: 495–504, 2003.

LAM, T.J. Applications of endocrinology to fish culture. Can. J. Aquat. Fish. Sci., 39: 11–137, 1982.

LARSSON, D.G.J.; MYLONAS, C.C.; ZOHAR, Y.; CRIM, L.W. Gonadotropin releasing hormone-analogue (GnRH-A) advances ovulation and improves the reproductive performance of a cold-water batch-spawning teleost, the yellowtail flounder (Pleuronectesferrugineus). Can. J. Aquat. Fish. Sci. 54, 1957–1964, 1997.

LEE, W.-K.; YANG, S.W. Relationship between ovarian development and serum levels of gonadal steroid hormones, and induction of oocyte maturation and ovulation in the cultured female Korean spotted sea bass Lateolabraxmaculatus (Jeom-nong-eo). Aquaculture, 207: 169–183, 2002.

LEONARDO, A.F.G.; ROMAGOSA, E.; BATLOUNI, S.R.; BORELLA, M.I. Occurrence and significance of ovarian and follicular regression in cachara Pseudoplatystomafasciatum (Linnaeus, 1766): a histology approach. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec.,58:831-840, 2006.

MAÑANOS, E.; CARRILLO, M.; SORBERA, L.S.; MYLONAS, C.C.; ASTURIANO, J.F., BAYARRI, M.J., ZOHAR, Y., ZANUY, S. Luteinizing hormone and sexual steroid plasma levels after treatment of European sea bass with sustained-release delivery systems for gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue. J. Fish Biol. 60:328–339, 2002.

MARINO, G.; AZZURRO, E.; MASSARI, A.; FINOIA, M.G.; MANDICH, A. Reproduction in the dusky grouper from the southern Mediterranean. J. Fish Biol. 58, 909– 927, 2001.

MARINO, G.; PANINI, E.; LONGOBARDI, A.; MANDICH, A.; FINOIA, M.G.; ZOHAR, Y.; MYLONAS, C.C. Induction of ovulation in captive-reared dusky grouper, Epinephelusmarginatus (Lowe, 1834) with a sustained-release GnRHa implant. Aquaculture, 219: 841–858, 2003.

MATSUO, H.; BABA, Y.; NAIR, R.M.; ARIMURA, A.; SCHALLY, A.V. Structure of the porcine LH- and FSH-releasing hormone. I. The proposed amino acid sequence. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 43, 1334–1339, 1971.

MAYER, C.; BOEHM, U.Female reproductive maturation in the absence of kisspeptin/GPR54 signaling. Nature Neuroscience, 14: 704-711, 2011.

MEHDI, Y.; MOUSAVI, S.E. A review of the control of reproduction and hormonal manipulation and hormonal manipulations in finfish species. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 6:1643-1650, 2011.

MOREHEAD, D.T.; PANKHURST, N.W.; RITAR, A.J. Effect of treatment with LHRH analogue on oocyte maturation, plasma sex steroid levels and egg production in female striped trumpeter Latrislineata (Latrididae). Aquaculture, 169: 315–331, 1998.

MOUSA, S.A.; MOUSA, M.A. Involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor and adrenocorticotropic hormone in the ovarian maturation, seawater acclimation, and induced spawning of Liza ramada. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 146: 167–179, 2006.

MYLONAS, C.C.; HINSHAW, J.M.; SULLIVAN, C.V. GnRHa-induced ovulation of brown trout (Salmotrutta) and its effects on egg quality. Aquaculture 106:379–392, 1992.

MYLONAS, C.C., MAGNUS, Y., GISSIS, A., KLEBANOV, Y., ZOHAR, Y. Application of controlled-release, GnRHa-delivery systems in commercial production of white bass striped bass hybrids (sunshine bass) , using captive broodstocks. Aquaculture, 140: 265-280, 1996.

MYLONAS, C.C.; MAGNUS, Y.; GISSIS, A.; KLEBANOV, Y.; ZOHAR, Y. Reproductive biology and endocrine regulation of final oocyte maturation of captive white bass. J. Fish Biol., 51: 234–250, 1997a.

MYLONAS, C.C.; SCOTT, A.P.; VERMEIRSSEN, E.L.M.; ZOHAR, Y. Changes in plasma gonadotropin II and sex steroid hormones, and sperm production of striped bass after treatment with controlled-release gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist-delivery systems. Biol. Reprod. 57, 669–675, 1997b.

MYLONAS, C.C.; ZOHAR, Y. Use of GnRHa-delivery systems for the control of reproduction in fish. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 10, 463–491, 2001.

MYLONAS, C.C.; PAPANDROULAKIS, N.; SMBOUKIS, A.; PAPADAKI, M.; DIVANACH, P. Induction of spawning of cultured greater amberjack (Serioladumerili) using GnRHa implants. Aquaculture, 237: 141–154, 2004.

MYLONAS, C.C.; FOSTIER, A.; ZANUY, S. Broodstock management and hormonal manipulations of fish reproduction. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 165: 516–534, 2010.

OHTA, H.; TANAKA, H. Relationship between serum levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and 11-ketotestosterone after a single injection of hCG and induced maturity in the male Japanes e el, Anguilla japonica. Aquaculture, 153:123–134, 1997.

OKUMURA, S.; OKAMOTO, K.; OOMORI, R.; SATO, H.; NAKAZONO, A. Improved fertilization rates by using a large volume spawning tank in red spotted grouper (Epinephelusakaara). Fish Physiol. Biochem. 28, 515–516, 2003.

OLIVEREAU, M.; BALL, J.N. Contribution to the histophysiology of the pituitary gland of teleosts, particularly those of the Poecilia species. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 47: 523–532, 1964.

PALSTRA, A.P.; COHEN, E.G.H.; NIEMANTSVERDRIET, P.R.W.; van GINNEKEN, V.J.T.; van den THILLART, G.E.E.J.M. Artificial maturation and reproduction of European silver eel: development of oocytes during final maturation. Aquaculture, 249, 533–547, 2005.

PANKHURST, N.W.; PURSER, G.J.; VAN DER KRAAK, G.; THOMAS, P.M.; FORTEATH, G.N.R. Effect of holding temperature on ovulation, egg fertility, plasma levels of reproductive hormones and in vitro ovarian steroidogenesis in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchusmykiss. Aquaculture, 146, 277–290, 1996.

PANKHURST, N.W.; THOMAS, P.M. Maintenance at elevated temperature delays the steroidogenic and ovulatory responsiveness of rainbow trout Oncorhynchusmykiss to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue. Aquaculture, 166, 163–177, 1998.

PETER, R.E.; YU, K.L. Neuroendocrine regulation of ovulation in fishes: basic and applied aspects. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 7: 173–197, 1997.

PODHOREC, P.; KOURIL, J. Induction of final oocyte maturation in cyprinidae fish by hypothalamic factors: A review. Vet. Med., 54:97-110, 2009.

REVEL, F.G.; SABOUREAU, M.; MASSON-PEVET, M.; PEVET, P.; MIKKELSEN, J.D., SIMONNEAUX, V. Kisspeptin mediates the photoperiodic control of reproduction in hamsters. Curr.Biol. 16, 1730–1735, 2006.

ROA, J.; TENA-SEMPERE, M. KiSS-1 system and reproduction: comparative aspects and roles in the control of female gonadotropic axis in mammals. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 153, 132–140, 2007.

ROMAGOSA, E.; PAIVA, P.; GODINHO.H.M. Pattern of oocyte diameter frequency distribution in females of the pacu, Piaractusmesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) (ColossomamitreiBerg, 1895) induced to spawn. Aquaculture, 86:105-110,1990.

ROMAGOSA, E. Desenvolvimento gonadal(morfología: ultra-estrutura) e indução da reprodução do matrinxã, Bryconcephalus (Gunther, 1969) em cativeiro. 1998. 221f. Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos.

ROMAGOSA, E.; NARAHARA M.Y.;BORELLA, M.I. et al. Seleção e caracterização de fêmeas de matrinxã, Bryconcephalus, induzidas a reprodução. Bol. Inst. Pesca, 27:113-121, 2001.

SALES, R.O. Processamento, caracterização química e avaliação nutricional da silagem da despesca da tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) em dietas experimentais com ratos, 1995. 174p. Tese (Doutorado) - Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 1995.

SANTOS, N.F. & SALES. R.O. Avaliação da Qualidade Nutritiva das Silagens Biológicas de Resíduos de Pescado Armazenada por 30 dias e 90 dias em Temperatura Ambiente. Revista Brasileira de Higiene e Sanidade Animal. v.5, n. 1, p. 01 – 11, 2011. 16p,

SOUZA, J.M.L.; SALES, R.O.; AZEVEDO, A.R. Avaliação do ganho de biomassa de alevinos de tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) alimentados com silagem biológica de resíduos de pescado.. Revista Brasileira de Higiene e Sanidade Animal. v.3, n. 1, p. 01 – 14, 2009. 19p

SCHULZ, R.W.; MIURA, T. Spermatogenesis and its endocrine regulation. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 26, 43–56, 2002.

SEMINARA, S.B. et al.The GPR54 gene as a regulator of puberty. N. Engl. J. Med. 349: 1614–1627, 2003.

SEMINARA, S.B. & CROWLEY, W. Kisspeptin and GPR54: discovery of a novel pathway in reproduction. J. Neuroendocrinol. 20, 727–731 (2008).

SLATER, C.; SCHRECK, C.B.; SWANSON, P. Plasma profiles of the sex steroids and gonadotropins in maturing female spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchustshawytscha). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 109A: 167–175, 1994, 1994.

SPRINGATE, J.R.C;, BROMAGE, N.R.; ELLIOT, J.A.K.; HUDSON, D.L. The timing of ovulation and stripping and their effects on the rates of fertilization and survival to eying, hatch and swim-up in the rainbow trout (Salmogairdneri). Aquaculture, 43, 313– 322, 1984.

SUZUKI, K.; KAWAUCHI, H.; NAGAHAMA, H. Isolation and characterisation of subunits from two distinct salmon gonadotropins. Gen Comp Endocrinol, 71:302-306, 1988b.

TUCKER JR.J.W. Spawning by captive serranid fishes: a review. J. World Aquac. Soc., 25, 345– 359, 1994.

TUSSET, C.; TRARBACH, É.B.; SILVEIRA, L.F.G.; BENEDUZZI, D.; MONTENEGRO, L.; LATRONICO, A.C. Aspectos clínicos e moleculares do hipogonadismohipogonadotrófico isolado congênito. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab., 55: 501-511, 2011.

YARON, Z. Endocrine control of gametogenesis and spawning induction in the carp. Aquaculture, 129: 49–73, 1995.

VAN DER KRAAK, G.; DONALDSON, E.M.; CHANG, J.P. Dopamine involvement in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in coho salmon. Can J. Zool., 64: 1245-1248, 1986.

WALLACE, R.A., SELMAN, K. Cellular and dynamic aspects of oocyte growth in teleosts. Am. Zool., 21: 325–343, 1981.

WATANABE, W.O.; SMITH, T.I.J.; BERLINSKY, D.L.; WOOLRIDGE, C.A.; STUART, K.R.; COPELAND, K.A.; DENSON, M.R. Volitional spawning of black sea bass Centropristisstriata induced with pelleted luteinizing hormone releasing hormone-analogue. J. World Aquat. Soc., 34: 319–331, 2003.

ZABALA, M.; GARCIA-RUBIES, A.; LOUISY, P.; SALA, E. Spawning behaviour of the Mediterranean dusky grouper Epinephelusmarginatus (Lowe, 1834) (Pisces, Serranidae) in the Medes Islands Marine Reserve (NW Mediterranean Spain). Sci. Mar., 61, 65– 77, 1997.

ZAKES, Z.; SZCZEPKOWSKI, M. Induction of out-of-season spawning of pikeperch, Sander lucioperca (L.) Aquacult. Int., 12: 11–18, 2004.

ZANUY, S.; CARRILLO, M.; RUIZ, F. Delayed gametogenesis and spawning of sea bass (DicentrarchuslabraxL.) kept under different photoperiod and temperature regimes. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 2: 53–63, 1986.

ZOHAR, Y.; MYLONAS, C.C. Endocrine manipulations of spawning in cultured fish: from hormones to genes. Aquaculture, 197, 99–136, 2001.

ZOHAR, Y.; MUÑOZ-CUETO, J.A.; ELIZUR, A.; KAH, O. Neuroendocrinology of reproduction in teleost fish. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 165: 438-455, 2010.


Texto completo: PDF

Apontamentos

  • Não há apontamentos.


 


 

 

Counters
Visitas