Possibilidades da exploração comercial de peixes reofílicos em cativeiro: Uma Revisão

Raimundo Bezerra da Costa, Ronaldo de Oliveira Sales, Rodrigo Maggioni, Dea Lima Vidal, José Oriani Farias

Resumo


A maioria das espécies de peixes criadaem cativeiro apresenta alguma forma de disfunção reprodutiva. Nas fêmeas podem aparecer falhas de maturação final dos óvulos, da ovulação e da desova; enquanto nos machos ocorre uma diminuição na produção do sêmen e na sua qualidade. Essas disfunções surgem em função da modificação das condições naturais de reprodução dos peixes em cativeiro, oriundas da falta dos estímulos externos necessários à indução da pituitária para liberação de gonadotrofinas. Na superação desses distúrbios são utilizados os hormônios da reprodução há mais de cinquenta anos, inicialmente como extratos hipofisários, para estimular os processos reprodutivos da espermiogênese, indução da ovulação e desova. Mais recentemente os hormônios derivados de peixes e de mamíferos, como as da carpa, salmão e coriônica humana, e o emprego de novos métodos, com os fatores liberadores de gonadotrofinas (GnRH), que induzem a liberação da própria gonadotrofina da pituitária diminuindo as falhas observas nas criações em cativeiro. O desenvolvimento de agonistas sintéticos de GnRH (GnRHa), altamente potentes, constituem as novas gerações das terapias de manipulação hormonal, criando novas possibilidades com o uso de hormônios para o controle dos processos reprodutivos na aquicultura. Os produtos desenvolvidos mais recentemente incorporam o GnRHa em sistema polimérico de liberação longa, com os efeitos do hormônio se estendendo por períodos amplos que duram dias e até semanas. Esses sistemas eliminam a necessidade de múltiplos tratamentos, além de induzirem o desenvolvimento das células germinativas e a sincronização de desovas múltiplas. As diferentes formas de GnRH encontradas recentemente e seu melhor conhecimento certamente serão amplamente utilizados na terapia da desova. Novas estratégias devem ser desenvolvidas para possibilitar uma melhorar obtenção da desova, possivelmente com pesquisas que venham corrigir os níveis de GnRH circulante.

Palavras-chave


hormônios da reprodução; gonadotrofinas; extrato hipofisário; fatores liberadores

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